This paper reviews the psychological treatment of one of the main conditions listed in the DSM-5-TR. The report also describes how the condition can be managed or treated for the chosen population. The population of choice for this report is adults. The paper is done by analyzing several peer-reviewed articles on the topic and how the treatment has been conducted to access the effective treatment procedure for these conditions. The report also summarizes the research findings closely related to the chosen psychological interventions (Carvalho & Vieta, 2020). In this case, the description is used to help manage the condition and make further recommendations for research improvement.
The DSM-5 condition chosen for this narrative review is the bipolar disorder condition, and the population for the study is adults. Bipolar disorder among adults is also called manic-depressive disorder and is characterized by drastic shifts and changes in the way adult conducts their activities (Simó, 2022). The bipolar and related conditions are found in the chapter on schizophrenia depression in the DSM05-TM. A shift in mood characterizes bipolar conditions; this shift affects the ways a person carries out their day-to-day activities. The mood and energy changes are more intense than regular human ups and downs. Statistics have shown that the bipolar condition always affects more than 5.7 million adults in Australia. This is estimated to be around 2.6% of the population aged 18 and above (Fisher et al., 2017). It is also estimated that the median age for the onset of this condition is always 25 years, although there are some signs that one can get at an early stage. There is an equal number of men and women who experience this condition or illness, and this is found in all races, ethnic groups, and social classes (Fisher et al., 2017).
To fully understand the treatment method for this condition, it is essential to note that there are several types of bipolar. The other kind includes bipolar one disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder (Fisher et al., 2017). In adults, one is considered to have bipolar type one if they have experienced at least one manic episode, which significant depression episodes may precede.
DSM-5 uses sleep as part of the diagnosis criteria. For people suffering from this condition, they sleep for less than 3 hours. The person becomes more talkative than usual and is constantly under pressure to achieve a specific goal (Simó, 2022). The person also seeks to draw attention. Mainly, the mania can trigger a significant break from reality. Secondly, one is considered to have bipolar II disorder when they have at least one major depression episode as well as one hypomanic case but have not experienced manic issues. Finally, one is considered to have a cyclothymic disorder when they have many periods of both hypomanic and depression symptoms (Simó, 2022).
Frank. Et al. (2019) demonstrate that bipolar treatment through the use of psychologically designed methods is more effective in adults than the use of medication because the psychological method promotes an adaptive learning process. Frank. Et al. (2019) State that social rhythm therapy grew through a series of models in which individuals with this condition have a specific genetic predisposition. The researcher states that acute depression has reported that this method is very effective for a prolonged period of recurrence. A meta-analysis has become more effective for controlled studies.
Frank and Swartz (2019) demonstrate the results of interpersonal and social psychotherapy for people with bipolar conditions. This model grew from the individual bipolar disorder to the treatment of the genetic disposition like sleep cycle that may be responsible for the entire state. The source also suggests a model that may help to cause some disruption in a patient’s normal condition. The treatment offered by this treatment ensures that the patients do not have any maniac episodes that can make them feel like they are losing their friends or their relations (McIntyre al, 2020). Finally, the source also presents an approach for which ample scientific evidence gives the methods developed to produce a certain level of change.
Novick & Swartz (2019). Defines bipolar condition as a recurrent psychiatric condition that is marked by a practical impairment and functioning. The research states that some of the modalities presented in this case may be reduced through evidence-based psychotherapy procedures that come with pharmacology. The author says that to promote and enhance the evidence, it must support conducting a thematic literature review, which will help identify any advanced condition that may harm the patient (Novick & Swartz, 2019).
Strawbridge et al. (2021) state that to understand that bipolar treatment is always more effective when medication is combined with psychotherapy. Based on this, the use of CBT is done to treat bipolar among adults in so many ways. The following methods are effectively used: addressing the symptoms that relate to depression or any episode and making sure that the person is not feeling guilty or having any other negative thoughts about themselves (Strawbridge, 2021). The treatments ensure that the patients do not have any maniac episodes that can make them feel like they are losing their friends or their relations. In this regard, CBT can be used to reduce the level of distress as well as reduction of the manic or depressive condition of a patient.
Cognitive behavior therapy is defined as a therapy that focuses on identifying negative beliefs and behaviors and replacing these behaviors with the ones that are healthier and more positive. CBT intervention is usually helpful in the identification of any triggers of the patient’s bipolar conditions. Through this strategy, one can learn more techniques to help manage stress and cope with more upsetting situations (Carvalho & Vieta, 2020). Cognitive protocol usually uses 20 sessions, after which enhancement sessions may follow to improve the rate level of behavior. Markowitz (2008) has also stated that the evidence level of this method is lower compared to unipolar depression and psychotic disorders (Pereira et al.,2021). It is also noted that the effect of prevention of this therapy is fading away among the patients who face multiple episodes. The method is only effective in the preventive recurrence.
There are two primary psychological treatments that bipolar condition patients can undergo. The two psychological treatments are interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and the second treatment is cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
This treatment focuses majorly on the ways and means to stabilize the patient by walking, sleeping, and observing meal times. Individuals with these conditions benefit by following a routine, such as sleeping and daily exercise. The therapy directly uses rhythm theories and the frameworks of interpersonal psychology, which were mainly developed by a researcher named Klerman to treat unipolar depression (Crowe et al., 2020). This treatment therapy aims to stabilize the patient’s routines while improving the quality of their interpersonal skills and performing their social roles. Doctors using this method have reported that patients’ moods are always significantly improved because they acquire the skills to protect them from experiencing new episodes.
Research shows that this method was initially designed to treat bipolar type 1, but it is now evident that the procedure also works effectively for bipolar type II disorders (Presnell, 2022). It also appears that the therapy can also be used in immunotherapy in patients who are experiencing acute bipolar II. This is done for moderate symptoms or can be combined more effectively using pharmacotherapy when having such treatments.
Despite the type of Bipolar, research would argue that the significant management strategy depends on the regulation of the rhythm. For people with bipolar who are not subjected to mood control, there is always a recurrence of the Vulnerabilities.
To administer this therapy effectively, the patient is given some guidelines and training on maintaining their medication schedule. This is an opportunity to have a positive discussion on how they feel about the disorder, and they can express their grief or anger on what they think irritates or interferes with their moods (Frank et al., 2019). This process is called the loss of a healthy self-test. The process allows them to face their life’s hard, deliberating situations. Consequently, the therapy helps them to come to terms with the nature of the illness, reduces denial, which is commonly associated with the disorder, and hence promotes a unique way to adhere to their medication.
The components of the behaviors of the IPSRT mainly focus on evaluating the degree to which the routine patients vary in the entire given week. To achieve this, a self-report chart is a perfect instrument that allows the patient to record their activities and the time they spend performing activities such as going to bed, eating, and exercising.
Strawbridge & Tsapekos (2021) define cognitive behavior therapy as a therapy that focuses on identifying negative beliefs and behaviors and replacing these behaviors with the ones that are more healthy and positive (Leopold et al., 2020). CBT intervention is usually helpful in the identification of any triggers of the patient’s bipolar conditions (Leopold et al., 2020). Through this strategy, one can learn more techniques to help manage stress and cope with more upsetting situations. Cognitive protocol usually uses 20 sessions, after which enhancement sessions may follow to improve the rate level of behavior. Most researchers have stated that the evidence level of this method is lower compared to unipolar depression and psychotic disorders. It is also noted that the effect of prevention of this therapy is fading away among the patients who face multiple episodes. The method is only effective in the preventive recurrence. Strawbridge & Tsapekos (2021) state that CBT therapy for bipolar treatment is majorly recommended along with drug therapy for all people who face this condition except the mania. Research on acute depression has reported that this method is very effective when it comes to a prolonged period of recurrence, and a meta-analysis has become more effective for controlled studies (Novick & Swartz, 2019).
It is essential to understand that bipolar treatment is always more effective when medication is combined with psychotherapy. Based on this, the use of CBT is done to treat bipolar among adults in so many ways. The following methods are effectively used: addressing the symptoms that relate to depression or any episode and making sure that the person is not feeling guilty or having any other negative thoughts about themselves (Goes, 2023). The treatments ensure that the patients do not have any maniac episodes that can make them feel like they are losing their friends or their relations (Novick & Swartz, 2019). In this regard, CBT can be used to reduce the level of distress as well as reduction of the manic or depressive condition of a patient. Additionally, it can be used to make the patient more aware of their needs and their physical sensational, a standard indicator of bipolar episodes.
In conclusion, bipolar condition is a very critical condition that can affect adults and young people, but its effect is more prevalent in the adult population. The two treatment methods chosen can help a patient consistently see a therapist. From the analysis, Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can be more effective when used with medication. It is important to note that more emphasis on the effectiveness of cognitive-based treatment has been made based on research and clinical use. It is recognized as an approach for which ample scientific evidence gives the methods developed to produce a certain level of change. When used to treat adults, its effectiveness can be seen instantly, unlike in young children, because the awareness level in adults is higher than in children. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is considered more effective even without medication.
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